10 Inherited Diseases You Should Be Aware Of

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Diseases are not always caused by external factors. Many medical conditions are also caused by internal factors, such as genetics inherited from both parents. Besides physical traits like skin color, body shape, and hair type, parents can also pass down diseases to their children. A child's risk of inheriting a genetic disease can be higher if there are combined risk factors from the environment or mutated genes.

Here are 10 inherited diseases that you need to be aware of, along with detailed explanations and preventive measures:

1. Colon Polyps

Polyps are abnormal tissues that can grow in the colon and potentially become cancerous over time. According to the American Cancer Society, about 1 in 5 people with colon polyps has a genetic predisposition. Polyps can develop without symptoms and are typically detected through routine screenings like colonoscopies. Early detection and regular monitoring are crucial to prevent polyps from turning into cancer. Individuals with a family history of colon polyps should start screenings earlier and more frequently than the general population.

2. Thalassemia

Thalassemia is a blood disorder inherited genetically, affecting the body's ability to produce hemoglobin. As a result, sufferers experience severe anemia and require regular blood transfusions. Children born to parents with thalassemia have a 25% chance of inheriting the disease. This risk is higher among people of Southeast Asian, Indian, Chinese, Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, and North African descent. Prevention can be achieved through genetic counseling before marriage or planning a pregnancy.

3. Celiac Disease

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder where the body reacts negatively to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. According to the Celiac Disease Foundation, if you have a family member with celiac disease, your risk of developing the condition increases. Symptoms of celiac disease include chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nutrient malabsorption. Managing this disease involves a lifelong gluten-free diet to avoid further damage to the small intestine.

4. Depression

Depression is a serious mood disorder that can affect daily activities, making sufferers lose interest and motivation. While more research is needed, studies indicate that depression can be inherited genetically. Environmental factors and stress can also trigger or worsen the condition. Prevention and management of depression involve social support, psychological therapy, and in some cases, medication with antidepressants.

5. Heart Disease

Heart disease, including coronary artery disease and heart failure, is a serious medical condition often inherited genetically. A healthy lifestyle, such as not smoking, maintaining an ideal weight, regular exercise, and a healthy diet, is crucial for those with a family history of heart disease. According to a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2016, these habits can help reduce the risk of heart disease despite unfavorable genetic factors.

6. Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis is a chronic inherited disease that causes the production of thick mucus in the body, which can block the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems, leading to recurrent lung infections and malnutrition. This disease requires intensive medical care, including physical therapy, medications to reduce mucus, and antibiotics to treat infections. Long-term management can improve the quality of life for those with cystic fibrosis.

7. Sickle Cell Anemia

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder that causes red blood cells to change shape into a sickle. These abnormally shaped cells can clump together and get trapped in blood vessels, causing severe pain and serious complications such as infections, organ damage, and acute respiratory syndrome. This disease is more common among people of sub-Saharan African, Indian, or Mediterranean descent. Medical management includes pain therapy, infection prevention, and in some cases, bone marrow transplants.

8. High Cholesterol

High cholesterol, particularly familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), is a genetic condition that causes high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol from birth. People with FH are 20 times more likely to develop heart disease at a young age, including heart attacks and strokes. Early detection through blood tests and managing cholesterol through diet, exercise, and medications are crucial to preventing serious complications.

9. Diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels. Certain gene mutations can increase the risk of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Although not everyone with these genetic mutations will develop diabetes, lifestyle factors such as diet, physical activity, and weight also play a significant role. Preventing diabetes involves monitoring blood sugar levels, a balanced diet, and regular exercise.

10. Cancer

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells and can occur in any part of the body. Over 200 types of cancer are known, and some can be inherited genetically, such as breast cancer and colon cancer. Early detection through regular screenings and a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risk of cancer. For example, individuals with a family history of breast cancer may need more frequent mammograms or even genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.

Understanding the genetic risks of inherited diseases is crucial for taking preventive measures and seeking appropriate medical care. By recognizing the potential for inherited conditions, individuals can engage in proactive health management, undergo regular screenings, and adopt a healthy lifestyle to mitigate these risks. If you have a family history of any of these conditions, consulting with healthcare professionals for tailored advice and early intervention is essential.